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Body Mass
Index ( BMI )
Please see the K
models Blog for a commentary on this topic. This page contains some
background information about Body Mass Index.
| Madrid
fashion week, one of Spain's most prestigious shows, is banning
underweight models on the basis of their body mass index (BMI). |
|
UN health
experts recommend a BMI of between 18.5 and about 25, and some models
may fall well below the minimum. The Spanish Association of
Fashion Designers has decided to ban models who have a BMI of less than
18. 13 September 2006
|
|
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5341202.stm |
| Italy's
fashion capital, Milan, has announced a new catwalk code of conduct to
protect young models vulnerable to anorexia and exploitation.
|
|
The move
follows the ban slapped on so-called skinny models by the Spanish
government earlier this month. The new code was launched as the
city marked the start of Milan fashion week and will take effect in
February. 23 September 2006
|
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5374862.stm |
| Increasing
BMI over time |
|
Average Body
Mass Index (BMI) a weight-for-height formula used to measure obesity,
has increased among adults from approximately 25 in 1969 to 28 in 2002. 3
Adult men and women are
roughly an inch taller that they were in 1960, but are nearly 25 pounds
heavier on average as well. The average weight for men aged 20-74 years
rose dramatically from 166.3 pounds in 1960 to 191 pounds in 2002, while
the average weight for women the same age increased from 140 pounds in
1960 to 164,3 pounds in 2002. 3
3 Mean
Body Weight, Height, and Body Mass Index, United States 1960-2002.
Advance Data No. 347. October 2004. (PHS 2005-1250). www.cdc.gov
|
|
http://news.ucanr.org/mediakits/Nutrition/nutritionfactsheet.shtml |
Obesity
over the life course.
Mizuno
T, Shu
IW, Makimura
H, Mobbs
C. |
|
Obesity in
middle-aged humans is a risk factor for many age-related diseases and
decreases life expectancy by about 7 years, which is roughly comparable
to the combined effect of all cardiovascular disease and cancer on life
span. The prevalence of obesity increases up until late middle age and
decreases thereafter. Mechanisms that lead to increased obesity with age
are not yet well understood, but current evidence implicates impairments
in hypothalamic function, especially impairments in the ability of
hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin neurons to sense nutritional signals.
The rapid increase in the prevalence of obesity at all ages in the past
decade suggests that, in the next two or three decades, diseases
associated with obesity, especially diabetes, will begin to rise
rapidly. Indeed, these trends suggest that for the first time in modern
history, the life expectancy of people in developed societies will begin
to decrease, unless the rapid increase in the prevalence of obesity can
be reversed.
|
|
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15201431 |
|
A Potential Decline in
Life Expectancy in the United States in the 21st Century
S. Jay Olshansky,
Ph.D., Douglas J. Passaro, M.D., Ronald C. Hershow, M.D., Jennifer
Layden, M.P.H., Bruce A. Carnes, Ph.D., Jacob Brody, M.D., Leonard
Hayflick, Ph.D., Robert N. Butler, M.D., David B. Allison, Ph.D., and
David S. Ludwig, M.D., Ph.D.S. Jay Olshansky, Ph.D., Douglas J. Passaro,
M.D., Ronald C. Hershow, M.D., Jennifer Layden, M.P.H., Bruce A. Carnes,
Ph.D., Jacob Brody, M.D., Leonard Hayflick, Ph.D., Robert N. Butler, M.D.,
David B. Allison, Ph.D., and David S. Ludwig, M.D., Ph.D.
|
|
Forecasts
of life expectancy are an important component of public policy
that influence age-based entitlement programs such as Social
Security and Medicare. Although the Social Security Administration recently
raised its estimates of how long Americans are going to live
in the 21st century, current trends in obesity in the United
States suggest that these estimates may not be accurate. From
our analysis of the effect of obesity on longevity, we conclude
that the steady rise in life expectancy during the past two
centuries may soon come to an end.
|
|
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/352/11/1138http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/352/11/1138
|
| Obesity
in ethnic minorities - BMI varies with
ethnicity |
|
Among
children, where obesity is a predictor of future health problems among
the general population, obesity was relatively high among Black African,
Caribbean and Pakistani boys (42%, 39% and 39%) and Black African and
Caribbean girls (42% and 40%). Within the general population, 30% or
boys and 31% of girls are classed as overweight or obese.
23% of men and of women
in the general population were obese (body mass index greater than 30
(kg/m2)). With the exception of Black Caribbean (25%) and Irish (27%)
men, men from minority ethnic groups had markedly lower obesity
prevalence rates than those in the general population. Prevalence was
highest in Black African (39%), Black Caribbean (32%), and Pakistani
(28%) women, and lowest among Chinese women (7.6%)
|
|
http://www.ic.nhs.uk/pubs/hlthsvyeng2004ethnic/HSE2004Headlineresults.pdf/file |
| UK
Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000 |
|
Under the Race
Relations Act, it is unlawful to discriminate against anyone on grounds
of race, colour, nationality (including citizenship), or ethnic or
national origin. All racial groups are protected from discrimination.
|
|
http://www.cre.gov.uk/legal/rra.html |
| Human
Rights Act and European Convention on Human Rights |
|
Article
14: Prohibition on Discrimination
The
enjoyment of the rights and freedoms set forth in this convention
shall be secured without discrimination on any ground such as sex,
race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national
or social origin, association with a national minority, property,
birth or other status.
Article 14 covers discrimination on all the grounds set out in the
article (sex, race, colour etc.) However, the list is open-ended. This
is clear from the fact that the article refers to ‘other status’.
Some other grounds for discrimination are now clearly accepted as
coming within the scope of Article 14, for example discrimination on
the basis of someone’s sexual orientation. What is not clear is how
far further grounds for discrimination have to be linked to a personal
characteristic or whether it is just necessary for someone to show
that they have been treated differently from someone who is in a
relevantly similar situation.
|
|
http://www.yourrights.org.uk/your-rights/the-human-rights-act/convention-rights/article-14-prohibition-on-discrimination.shtml |
| Trend
Data on BMI in England |
|
Adults
Obesity:
•No significant change in the proportion of adults who were
overweight, though there was a marked increase in the proportion who
were obese. The proportion who were categorised as obese (BMI over 30)
increased from 13.2% of men in 1993 to 23.6% in 2004 and from 16.4% of
women in 1993 to 23.8% in 2004.
|
|
http://www.ic.nhs.uk/pubs/hlthsvyeng2004upd/04TrendTabs.xls/file |
| Health
Survey for England 2004 |
|
Among boys and
girls aged 2-15, the proportion who were obese increased between 1995 and
2004, from 11 per cent in 1995 to 19 per cent in 2004 among boys, and from
12 per cent in 1995 to 18 per cent in 2004 among girls.
The same
pattern was apparent among boys aged 2-10 between 1995 and 2004, with an
increase in the proportion that were obese, (10 per cent to 16 per cent).
There was a different pattern for girls aged 2-10, with no statistically
significant increases in the proportion overweight (14 per cent in 2004)
or obese (12 per cent in 2004) in this period.
In
boys aged 11-15, as with younger boys, there was an increase in the
proportion that were obese between 1995 and 2004 (14 per cent to 24 per
cent). There were increases in this period among girls aged 11-15 who were
overweight (14 per cent to 19 per cent), and obese (15 per cent to 26 per
cent).
|
|
http://www.ic.nhs.uk/pubs/hsechildobesityupdate |
Body
mass index
|
|
Body mass
index
(BMI)
or Quetelet Index is a statistical measure of the weight of a
person scaled according to height. It was invented between 1830 and 1850
by the Belgian
polymath,
Adolphe
Quetelet during the course of developing "social physics".
|
|
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_mass_index |
| Division
of Nutrition and Physical Activity,
National Center for Chronic
Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, US |
|
Body Mass
Index (BMI) is a number calculated from a person’s weight and height.
BMI provides a reliable indicator of body fatness for most people and is
used to screen for weight categories that may lead to health problems.
|
|
http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/index.htm |
| Changes
in the distribution of body mass index of adults and children in the US
population
K M Flegal and R P
Troiano |
|
National
survey data show increases in mean body mass index (BMI) and in the
prevalence of overweight and obesity for adults and children in the
United States, indicating a change in the distribution of BMI.
For all sex-age groups,
there was increasing skewness with a greater shift in the upper part of
the distribution so that, within each group, the heaviest subgroup was
heavier in NHANES III than in prior surveys. For the youngest children,
the lower part of the distribution showed virtually no change. With
increasing age the whole distribution tended to shift upward slightly,
suggesting an increase in BMI across the entire population.
|
|
http://www.nature.com/ijo/journal/v24/n7/abs/0801232a.html;jsessionid=47CD3A837A9BEF64733B6E21AAA018D1 |
BMI distribution changes
in adolescent British girls
E Georgiades1,
J J Reilly2, E Stathopoulou3,
A M Livingston1 and Y P Pitsiladis1
|
|
Childhood and
adolescent obesity in the UK reached epidemic proportions
during the 1990s.1,2
Studies on the obesity epidemic to date, however, have
focused simply on prevalence, without considering the nature
of changes in the body mass index (BMI) distribution, changes
in the variability of BMI with age, or how BMI changes may
have differed between subgroups within the population.2,3
For example, it is unclear whether the increase in obesity
was the result of changes across the entire population, or
whether these changes were concentrated in a subgroup of more
susceptible individuals.3 To our knowledge,
few other epidemiological studies have addressed this issue,
and there are no British data currently available. The aim of
the present study was to assess changes in the distribution
of BMI in an affluent sample of adolescent English girls over
a 10 year period, during which time overweight and obesity
prevalence increased markedly in the English paediatric
population.1,2 |
|
http://adc.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/88/11/978#R3 |
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